USFG should substantially increase its non-military exploration and/or development of Earth's Oceans: December 2017

Sunday, December 31, 2017

Experts reassure residents River Blackwater won't flood

Experts reassure residents River Blackwater won't flood Braintree and Witham TimesFull coverage

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Free holiday activities in the Manning, Great Lakes and Gloucester region

Free holiday activities in the Manning, Great Lakes and Gloucester region Manning River TimesFull coverage

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New Year's revellers build sandcastle in New Zealand estuary to avoid liquor ban

New Year's revellers build sandcastle in New Zealand estuary to avoid liquor ban The Sydney Morning Herald
Revellers build sand island in estuary on New Year's Eve to avoid Coromandel liquor ban TVNZ
Revellers create man-made sand sanctuary to avoid New Year's alcohol ban Yahoo7 NewsFull coverage

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Awareness courses will let speeding drivers avoid points

Awareness courses will let speeding drivers avoid points The TimesFull coverage

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Warm welcome on the Welsh coast

Warm welcome on the Welsh coast Inspire MagazineFull coverage

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Top of their class: seven homes in great school catchment areas

Top of their class: seven homes in great school catchment areas Devon LiveFull coverage

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Group create sand-sanctuary in Coromandel estuary to avoid local liquor ban

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What do North Korea and Colonial Virginia Have in Common?

What do North Korea and Colonial Virginia Have in Common? History News Network (HNN)Full coverage

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Exploring from Athenree to Aongatete

Exploring from Athenree to Aongatete SunLiveFull coverage

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In pictures: The Herald's favourite photographs of 2017 Plymouth

In pictures: The Herald's favourite photographs of 2017 Plymouth Plymouth HeraldFull coverage

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Real estate transactions: Jan. 1, 2018

Real estate transactions: Jan. 1, 2018 Bradenton HeraldFull coverage

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Maria O'Halloran

Maria O'Halloran Limerick LeaderFull coverage

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Greenport Harbor Brewing Company to release limited edition kelp beer

Greenport Harbor Brewing Company to release limited edition kelp beer Suffolk TimesFull coverage

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Go Back Sapkale: Protests against tainted ward officer

Go Back Sapkale: Protests against tainted ward officer Mumbai MirrorFull coverage

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Speak up Mumbai: Can Mumbaikars look forward to a safer 2018?

Speak up Mumbai: Can Mumbaikars look forward to a safer 2018? Daily News & AnalysisFull coverage

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Debt repaid with mission to serve poor

Debt repaid with mission to serve poor The TelegraphFull coverage

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Encroachment on mangroves doubles

Encroachment on mangroves doubles The Asian AgeFull coverage

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Slum regularisation can threaten mangroves, say evironmentalists

Slum regularisation can threaten mangroves, say evironmentalists The Asian AgeFull coverage

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For FWC, safety No. 1 priority on water

For FWC, safety No. 1 priority on water Citrus County ChronicleFull coverage

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What Defined Philippine Cinema in 2017

What Defined Philippine Cinema in 2017 Manila BulletinFull coverage

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Opinion: Let's engage in matters of public interest

Opinion: Let's engage in matters of public interest The StandardFull coverage

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How We Know Megalodon Doesn’t Still Exist?

By Karen Carr – http://ift.tt/2zV5It0, CC BY 3.0, http://ift.tt/2CizxtE

Megalodon (Carcharocles megalodon) is the largest shark, at a magnificent maximum of 18 meters (59 feet), to ever have dwelled in the oceans. We know primarily about Megalodon’s existence through fossilized teeth. Megalodon’s maximum size is inferred because we do not actually have a whole preserved Megalodon. Using a mathematical relationship between body size and tooth size for Great Whites, we can estimate Megalodon’s size from its teeth. In fact, my former graduate student Meghan Balk, with Catalina Pimiento, used this method with oodles of Megalodon teeth to show that Megalodon did not change much in size when it did exist. But I digress.

By Megalodon_tooth_with_great_white_sharks_teeth.jpg: Brocken InagloryBlueRuler_36cm.png: User:Kalanderivative work: Parziderivative work: Parzi – This file was derived from Megalodon tooth with great white sharks teeth-3.jpg:, CC BY-SA 3.0, http://ift.tt/2CgWoFP

A recent Twitter exchange, made me realize that both some people think Megalodon still exists and a really good write up on how we know Megalodon actually does not exist is not on the interwebs. So in a numbered list, here we go.

From Pimiento and Balk (2015)

No teeth. Sharks repeatedly shed and replace teeth. Go beach combing and you are likely to uncover teeth from sharks that dwell in the area. We know about Megalodon primarily through fossilized teeth. Although much to my amusement, fossilized poo, called coprolites, are also attributed to Megalodon. A couple of vertebra columns have also been discovered. These Megalodon teeth date from 23 million to 2.6 millions years ago. After that, zero Megalodon teeth. So if Megalodon existed now we would not only see Megalodon all over today, as we do for other sharks, but with would have seen fossilized ones from the last 2.6 million years. By the way, Megaldon teeth are pretty recognizable and distinctive, beyond just size, from other extinct sharks and the Great White. Researchers would not be confused if tooth was from Megalodon.

No bite marks. Although much rarer than fossilized teeth, fossils also exist for whale bones with Megalodon tooth slashes and bites in them. We have none of these fossils from the last 2.6 million years. There has also no contemporary evidence from carcasses or bodies of whales of bite marks or wounds consistent with a large shark like Megalodon.

By Kate W – 100_0020 [dead link]Uploaded by FunkMonk, CC BY 2.0, http://ift.tt/2CgFNC7

Would occur everywhere. Megalodon possessed a very global, tropical distribution. It’s not like Megalodon were rare or elusive. They literally occurred almost everywhere. If Megalodon still existed, we would have seen or caught them. A hallmark of discovering new species or rediscovering new species is because (1) they only occurring in a single, very specific place (rare in distribution), (2) very few individuals exist (rare in numbers), and/or (3) exist in an unexplored area. These three often coincide with each other. Take the coelacanth. The coelacanth only occurs in a few specific localities off Southern Africa and Indonesia in deep caves rarely explored. This contrasts completely to the open water, global distribution of Megalodon. The discovery of the Yeti crab occurred because we had not explored these hydrothermal vents. This is much different to our constant exploration and commercial usage of the tropical shallow waters. On a side note, taking a vacation to the beautiful tropical waters and seeing a shark like Megalodon both excites and terrifies me.

By James St. John – Giant white shark coprolite (Miocene; coastal waters of South Carolina, USA), CC BY 2.0, http://ift.tt/2zVlFzj

Not lurking in the depths. Everything we know about Megalodon suggests it was a large shark preferring tropical/subtropical warm waters. Indeed, one hypothesis for its extinction was that the oceans got colder. This preference means that Megalodon is not hiding in the unexplored, deep parts of the oceans that we have not explored. Megalodon would literally be near the surface in plain sight.

Huge sharks exist: Huge sharks like sleeper, Greenland, basking, whale, Great White, and 7-gill are practically seen every day. They all are very big and often mistaken for a Megalodon. A group of colleagues and I actually researched how big some of these actually can get. But none of these are nearly large enough to come close to the estimated lengths of a Megalodon nor are their shapes consistent with what a Megalodon would like like.

Different oceans: The oceans with massive ocean predator like a Megalodon would look a lot different structurally. What do I mean? Without going into all the specific science here, large predators have a huge influence on ecosystems and food webs and especially prey items. When we look at ocean ecosystems and food webs there is no evidence that they could or do support a massive ocean predator. Again, one of the hypotheses for the extinction of Megalodon is that a changing ocean around 2.6 million years ago could not produce enough food for a massively-size carnivore like Megalodon to exist.

1 Megalodon, 2 Megalodon, 700,000 Megalodon. For Megalodon to have existed 2.6 million years since the last known fossil tooth, there would need to be a sustainable population. Based on its size (you can see how this is done on my Kaiju post) we would expect global numbers, if we assume the largest Megalodon females get is 65.5 tons, of near ~700,000-1.5 million. A lot of assumptions here. Since we don’t have a relationship for shark abundance and size, I used the relationship for carnivorous mammals. I also provide estimates for 50% (lower estimate) to 100% (higher) of the ocean being warm enough for Megalodon. Obviously this is crude estimate, but the point here is that there would be quite a few Megalodon in the oceans. Now their numbers might be quite a bit less if Megalodon was going extinct. But in the modern oceans, the primary way large marine animals go extinct is by human hunting. Megalodon should be in nets and markets if this was the case. Which brings me to my next point…

Underestimated commercial interests: If a 50-ton shark existed in the ocean, then commercial fishing operations would ensure Megalodon would have been found and on plates throughout the globe. Currently a pound of Mako is running $30 per pound. An average size Megalodon would bring in $3 million dollars at this price.

Fake documentaries and videos: Many people still think Discovery Channel’s fiasco of a media is real documentary. It was not. Indeed, the original documentary actually had a too short and too hidden disclaimer. Snopes has, as always, a great post about how this is fake. Also the fake video of a Megalodon was actually a sleeper shark.

Government and scientific coverup: I see this coverup language brought up a lot in discussion about climate change and other controversial topics. I think this stems from a couple areas of misconception about how science is funded and how scientists interact. Science is funded through multiple ways for scientists affiliated with universities, similar research institutions, or independents. Government and corporate scientists are often funded by the institution and see more oversight. Most funding for the former type comes from either foundations or the government. You submit a grant and based on the quality, relevance, and importance of the proposed research you get might get funding. This funding obviously dictates the larger theme of the research but does not dictate the findings, results, and conclusions of the research. The concept of academic freedom, a scholar’s freedom to express ideas without risk of official interference or professional disadvantage, is by far one of the most cherished rights we have as scientists. Many scientists would not work for institution or accept funding that would infringe upon this right. I know of scientists who do research without funding even to pursue a course they are interested in. Also, a government conspiracy to hide science would never be tolerated. Just look at the response from scientists to the current administrations attacks and attempted cover up of climate science. Second, there is no annual meeting where scientists meet to agree in what the field believe in or not. Each scientist evaluates the evidence and data independently and draws the conclusions. Consensus is reached when these scientists independently reach the same conclusion because the evidence is overwhelming. Scientists actually thrive on disagreeing with one another. Not about big things like if Megalodon went extinct or not but why Megalodon went extinct. I will finish by saying that if Megalodon still existed its discovery would greatly propel a scientific career.

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