USFG should substantially increase its non-military exploration and/or development of Earth's Oceans: February 2020

Saturday, February 29, 2020

Kids find rifle grenade in mangroves in Zamboanga City - INQUIRER.net

Kids find rifle grenade in mangroves in Zamboanga City INQUIRER.net

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These Fish Fuel Mangrove Forests With Their Urine - Forbes

These Fish Fuel Mangrove Forests With Their Urine Forbes

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Mangrove-friendly crab culture, a lucrative source of livelihood - Panay News

Mangrove-friendly crab culture, a lucrative source of livelihood Panay News

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Solutions rooted in nature could help combat the impact of rising sea levels - CNBC

Solutions rooted in nature could help combat the impact of rising sea levels CNBC

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Inspection at SEPC power plant site likely today - The New Indian Express

Inspection at SEPC power plant site likely today The New Indian Express

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Unmatched beauty and quality on the Tomoka River - Ocala

Unmatched beauty and quality on the Tomoka River Ocala

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BBC Documents Young Climate Change Activist - Fiji Sun Online

BBC Documents Young Climate Change Activist Fiji Sun Online

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City of Cape Coral to pay fine after mangroves were ripped out a - NBC2 News

City of Cape Coral to pay fine after mangroves were ripped out a NBC2 News

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MMRDA to get 2.4 acres from mangrove cell for Airoli-Thane- Belapur elevated road - The Indian Express

MMRDA to get 2.4 acres from mangrove cell for Airoli-Thane- Belapur elevated road The Indian Express

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Saltwater fishing: Sheepshead are still spawning and biting - The Ledger

Saltwater fishing: Sheepshead are still spawning and biting The Ledger

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Global investors exposed to mangrove deforestation linked Southeast Asian shrimp industry - SeafoodSource

Global investors exposed to mangrove deforestation linked Southeast Asian shrimp industry SeafoodSource

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Indiscriminate cutting of Mangrove trees creating havoc in West Bengal`s Sundarbans - Zee News

Indiscriminate cutting of Mangrove trees creating havoc in West Bengal`s Sundarbans Zee News

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Millions of people's food supply depends on super-urinating fish - Popular Science

Millions of people's food supply depends on super-urinating fish Popular Science

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Mangroves on the move: Habitat restoration efforts underway - BVI Beacon

Mangroves on the move: Habitat restoration efforts underway BVI Beacon

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Navi Mumbai: Mangroves set on fire again by land grabbers in Ulwe - Times of India

Navi Mumbai: Mangroves set on fire again by land grabbers in Ulwe Times of India

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Egypt launches project to plant mangrove trees along Red Sea coast - Egypt Independent

Egypt launches project to plant mangrove trees along Red Sea coast Egypt Independent

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NY-Based K Health Raises $48M Series C For AI-Powered Primary Care Application - Crunchbase News

NY-Based K Health Raises $48M Series C For AI-Powered Primary Care Application Crunchbase News

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EPAA concludes 'We Grow Mangroves at Our School' sustainable tree initiative - Emirates 24|7

EPAA concludes 'We Grow Mangroves at Our School' sustainable tree initiative Emirates 24|7

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Hurricane Aftermath Leaves Mangrove Forests More Resillient to Sea Level Rise - Nature World News

Hurricane Aftermath Leaves Mangrove Forests More Resillient to Sea Level Rise Nature World News

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A team of international mangrove forest experts suggesting optimistic cause for global mangrove conservation - India Education Diary

A team of international mangrove forest experts suggesting optimistic cause for global mangrove conservation India Education Diary

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The building block of the Everglades is in danger - FIU News

The building block of the Everglades is in danger FIU News

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Capillary-driven desalination in a synthetic mangrove - Science Advances

Capillary-driven desalination in a synthetic mangrove Science Advances

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Study shows rapid sea level rise along Atlantic coast of North America in 18th century

The study, led by the University of York, found evidence for a period of enhanced pre-industrial sea-level rise of about two to three millimetres per year in three locations: Nova Scotia, Maine and Connecticut.

The researchers say that the large rises at these three locations were natural, and partly related to the North Atlantic Oscillation -- a large-scale atmospheric pressure see-saw over the North Atlantic region -- and to periods of enhanced ice melt in the Arctic.

The authors of the study say cities like New York and Boston will have to take into account this natural variability in planning for future sea level rise.

The findings are based on sea level reconstructions derived from salt-marsh sediments from the Atlantic coast and from microscopic salt-marsh fossils.

Previous studies have shown that, since the 1950s, rates of sea level rise along the Atlantic coast of North America were faster than the global average -- leading to this region coming to be known as a sea level rise "hotspot."

However, lead author Prof Roland Gehrels, from the University of York's Department of Environment and Geography, said this earlier rapid episode of sea level rise in the 18th Century wasn't known before.

"To find out what global warming is doing to sea levels today we need that base level from historical times.

"In the 20th Century we see rates of up to three or four millimetres per year, faster than in any century in at least the last 3000 years.

"In the 18th Century they were slightly slower, but still much quicker than you would expect for the Little Ice Age, partly because the Arctic was relatively warm during the 18th Century.

"It is pre-industrial so there are no anthropogenic forces -- or human influences -- at play, but in the 20th Century there may well have been.

"This means that those rapid episodes of sea level rise on the north east coast of North America in the 18th Century have a natural cause."

Scientists say salt-marshes are good "archives" of sea levels as they contain several metres of sediment which contains data going back hundreds of years.

Prof Gehrels added: "The high rates in this "hotspot" could present significant coastal risks for large population centres if they are a persistent and recurring feature.

"The likely future sea level rise in places like New York City is expected to be considerably greater than the global average by the end of the 21st century."

"Our findings suggest that enhanced rates of sea level rise along eastern North America are not only symptomatic of human activity, but might additionally arise from natural processes in the climate system."

The findings are published in Geophysical Research Letters and involved collaboration with the University of Leeds; Durham University; Bangor University; the National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts, USA; Old Dominion University, Virginia, USA; and the University of Siegen, Germany.

Story Source:

Materials provided by University of York. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

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Thursday, February 27, 2020

Avangrid, Inc. (AGR) Q4 2019 Earnings Call Transcript - Motley Fool

Avangrid, Inc. (AGR) Q4 2019 Earnings Call Transcript Motley Fool

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Ready, set, sequester? - A guide to the recently released section 45Q guidance - JD Supra

Ready, set, sequester? - A guide to the recently released section 45Q guidance JD Supra

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esVolta Secures $140 Million Credit Facility for Battery Energy Storage Projects - Transmission & Distribution World

esVolta Secures $140 Million Credit Facility for Battery Energy Storage Projects Transmission & Distribution World

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Australia’s electricity market must be 100% renewables by 2035 to achieve net zero by 2050 - study - The Guardian

Australia’s electricity market must be 100% renewables by 2035 to achieve net zero by 2050 - study The Guardian

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EU cannot use 'nature-based solutions' to make up for lack of emissions cuts - Down To Earth Magazine

EU cannot use 'nature-based solutions' to make up for lack of emissions cuts Down To Earth Magazine

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It's the roaring 20s for renewables — will natural gas join the party? - Utility Dive

It's the roaring 20s for renewables — will natural gas join the party? Utility Dive

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Oxford and Kent to host 50MW grid-scale battery storage arrays - edie.net

Oxford and Kent to host 50MW grid-scale battery storage arrays edie.net

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CCUS: A climate-friendly approach to India's $5 trillion economy - Down To Earth Magazine

CCUS: A climate-friendly approach to India's $5 trillion economy Down To Earth Magazine

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Environmental groups call on industry to 'be at the front of the pack' - Upstream Online

Environmental groups call on industry to 'be at the front of the pack' Upstream Online

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How Green will Britain be by 2030? - Environment Journal

How Green will Britain be by 2030? Environment Journal

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News Content Hub - Unleashing the power of hydrogen - Riviera Maritime Media

News Content Hub - Unleashing the power of hydrogen Riviera Maritime Media

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Pivot Power strikes landmark deal to build 100MW of UK battery storage - www.businessgreen.com

Pivot Power strikes landmark deal to build 100MW of UK battery storage www.businessgreen.com

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Big Money Still Loves Oil & Gas - OilPrice.com

Big Money Still Loves Oil & Gas OilPrice.com

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Research Group: Energy Storage Market Will Hit $546 Billion by 2035 - POWER magazine

Research Group: Energy Storage Market Will Hit $546 Billion by 2035 POWER magazine

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Commentary: California policymakers plan transition from natural gas - CALmatters

Commentary: California policymakers plan transition from natural gas CALmatters

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Pivot Power to rollout 100MW of UK battery storage - reNEWS

Pivot Power to rollout 100MW of UK battery storage reNEWS

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Soil carbon is a valuable resource but not all soil carbon is created equal - GreenBiz

Soil carbon is a valuable resource but not all soil carbon is created equal GreenBiz

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Sumitomo Buys Large Stake in Energy Storage Specialist Highview Power - Greentech Media News

Sumitomo Buys Large Stake in Energy Storage Specialist Highview Power Greentech Media News

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Small Scottish carbon capture company's work in focus amid climate emergency - HeraldScotland

Small Scottish carbon capture company's work in focus amid climate emergency HeraldScotland

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Michigan Utility DTE Ordered to Seek Out More Renewables - Greentech Media News

Michigan Utility DTE Ordered to Seek Out More Renewables Greentech Media News

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New trends bolster chance of successful deployment of carbon capture and storage | TheHill - The Hill

New trends bolster chance of successful deployment of carbon capture and storage | TheHill The Hill

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New IRS Guidance On Carbon Capture Relies On Wind And Solar Precedent - JD Supra

New IRS Guidance On Carbon Capture Relies On Wind And Solar Precedent JD Supra

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The Promise and Potential of Turning CO2 to Stone - State of the Planet

The Promise and Potential of Turning CO2 to Stone State of the Planet

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Wednesday, February 26, 2020

The Buzz: Critics Circle names Petaluma theater artists, Watershed conference returns - Petaluma Argus Courier

The Buzz: Critics Circle names Petaluma theater artists, Watershed conference returns Petaluma Argus Courier

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DEC accepting applications for 'Trees for Tribs' | Local Announcements - Hudson Valley 360

DEC accepting applications for 'Trees for Tribs' | Local Announcements Hudson Valley 360

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Man beaten to death in Oakland homeless encampment - The Mercury News

Man beaten to death in Oakland homeless encampment The Mercury News

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Pune island at risk due to debris land mass on Mula-Mutha estuary - Hindustan Times

Pune island at risk due to debris land mass on Mula-Mutha estuary Hindustan Times

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Thousands of recycled oyster shells used to create oyster reef on Shutes Folly Island - ABC NEWS 4

Thousands of recycled oyster shells used to create oyster reef on Shutes Folly Island ABC NEWS 4

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How South Africa's mangrove forests store carbon and why it matters - Cape Business News

How South Africa's mangrove forests store carbon and why it matters Cape Business News

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Call By Friday For Farm Conservation Program - Coastal Review Online

Call By Friday For Farm Conservation Program Coastal Review Online

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Mail bosses apologise after 'dog attack' error - Kent Online

Mail bosses apologise after 'dog attack' error Kent Online

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PREVIEW: Fishing World March edition - Fishing World

PREVIEW: Fishing World March edition Fishing World

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Herbkersman: Proactive approaches to SC’s challenges - Bluffton Today

Herbkersman: Proactive approaches to SC’s challenges Bluffton Today

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Humble sandprawn: a champion water filterer - University of Cape Town News

Humble sandprawn: a champion water filterer University of Cape Town News

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Beacon Institute to expand with Environmental Education Complex - Mid-Hudson News

Beacon Institute to expand with Environmental Education Complex Mid-Hudson News

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Plan to save Christchurch estuary from old hospital waste and car parts in eroding dump - Stuff.co.nz

Plan to save Christchurch estuary from old hospital waste and car parts in eroding dump Stuff.co.nz

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Parasitic worms have armies, and produce more soldiers when needed - Phys.org

Parasitic worms have armies, and produce more soldiers when needed Phys.org

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Strange Fishes from the Deep: Gillbacker Sea Catfish and More - Sport Fishing

Strange Fishes from the Deep: Gillbacker Sea Catfish and More Sport Fishing

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Rockland Needs Volunteers To Help Count Glass Eels - New City, NY Patch

Rockland Needs Volunteers To Help Count Glass Eels New City, NY Patch

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Big beams in place: Eastern Busway on schedule - Times Online - Auckland

Big beams in place: Eastern Busway on schedule Times Online - Auckland

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Mattapoisett bike path view will be breathtaking -- work ahead of schedule - SouthCoastToday.com

Mattapoisett bike path view will be breathtaking -- work ahead of schedule SouthCoastToday.com

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Hudson Estuary Watershed Resiliency works with local communities to implement Climate Smart Communities Certification Program - The Daily Freeman

Hudson Estuary Watershed Resiliency works with local communities to implement Climate Smart Communities Certification Program The Daily Freeman

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Clarkson's Beacon Institute for Rivers and Estuaries to Begin Construction on Beatrice G. Donofrio Environmental Education Complex - Clarkson University News

Clarkson's Beacon Institute for Rivers and Estuaries to Begin Construction on Beatrice G. Donofrio Environmental Education Complex Clarkson University News

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Mangrove invasion threatens Ahuriri Estuary - Mirage News

Mangrove invasion threatens Ahuriri Estuary Mirage News

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Climate Change Poses Multiple Threats to Delicate Sundarban Ecosystem: CMS COP13 - The Weather Channel

Climate Change Poses Multiple Threats to Delicate Sundarban Ecosystem: CMS COP13 The Weather Channel

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Editorial: Protect our vital Great Bay estuary, and do it fairly - Seacoastonline.com

Editorial: Protect our vital Great Bay estuary, and do it fairly Seacoastonline.com

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Florida DEP fines company for illegally cutting 500 mangroves in Wilbur-by-the-Sea - Daytona Beach News-Journal

Florida DEP fines company for illegally cutting 500 mangroves in Wilbur-by-the-Sea Daytona Beach News-Journal

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What’s happening Thursday in the north valley - Chico Enterprise-Record

What’s happening Thursday in the north valley Chico Enterprise-Record

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This organisation has included 10 villages as part of its eco-tourism initiative to help communities - YourStory

This organisation has included 10 villages as part of its eco-tourism initiative to help communities YourStory

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Palawan court's protection order on mangrove reserve affirmed - Philippine Canadian Inquirer

Palawan court's protection order on mangrove reserve affirmed Philippine Canadian Inquirer

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Mangrove-planting drones set to swoop in to restore UAE coastline - The National

Mangrove-planting drones set to swoop in to restore UAE coastline The National

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'Mangrove massacre:' DEP investigating mangroves ripped out, damaged at Tropicana Park - Wink News

'Mangrove massacre:' DEP investigating mangroves ripped out, damaged at Tropicana Park Wink News

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Lift mangrove harvest ban – Kwale residents - The Star, Kenya

Lift mangrove harvest ban – Kwale residents The Star, Kenya

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Water purifier sucks salt out of water like a mangrove tree - Futurity: Research News

Water purifier sucks salt out of water like a mangrove tree Futurity: Research News

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Mangrove forests provide cause for conservation optimism, for now - Science Daily

Mangrove forests provide cause for conservation optimism, for now Science Daily

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How South Africa's mangrove forests store carbon and why it matters - Phys.org

How South Africa's mangrove forests store carbon and why it matters Phys.org

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These Jellyfish Release ‘Mucus Grenades’, Stinging Swimmers - Forbes

These Jellyfish Release ‘Mucus Grenades’, Stinging Swimmers Forbes

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Trout, red and snook closures extended extra year - Suncoast News

Trout, red and snook closures extended extra year Suncoast News

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Double the bubble in Sulawesi - Divernet

Double the bubble in Sulawesi Divernet

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Study suggests that mangrove forests provide cause for conservation optimism (Update) - Phys.org

Study suggests that mangrove forests provide cause for conservation optimism (Update) Phys.org

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Fresh seafood at Tomontong Mangrove Eco-Trail - Sun.Star

Fresh seafood at Tomontong Mangrove Eco-Trail Sun.Star

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February fishing consistent, despite inconsistent weather - The Anna Maria Islander

February fishing consistent, despite inconsistent weather The Anna Maria Islander

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Mangrove forests protect coastlines. 'Synthetic mangroves' could do the same for cities. - Grist

Mangrove forests protect coastlines. 'Synthetic mangroves' could do the same for cities. Grist

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Potential for 'catastrophe': Mangroves deliberately planted in Ahuriri Estuary - New Zealand Herald

Potential for 'catastrophe': Mangroves deliberately planted in Ahuriri Estuary New Zealand Herald

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Volunteers Remove Trash from Salt River Mangroves - Saint Croix Source

Volunteers Remove Trash from Salt River Mangroves Saint Croix Source

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Climate Change Poses Multiple Threats to Delicate Sundarban Ecosystem: CMS COP13 - The Weather Channel

Climate Change Poses Multiple Threats to Delicate Sundarban Ecosystem: CMS COP13 The Weather Channel

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Device mimics the mangrove's water-purifying power - Yale News

Device mimics the mangrove's water-purifying power Yale News

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The cost of non-compliance - cape-coral-daily-breeze.com | News, sports, community info. - Cape Coral Daily Breeze

The cost of non-compliance - cape-coral-daily-breeze.com | News, sports, community info. Cape Coral Daily Breeze

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The big wet has had little impact on Mangrove Creek dam levels - Daily Telegraph

The big wet has had little impact on Mangrove Creek dam levels Daily Telegraph

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Tuesday, February 25, 2020

Shrinking sea ice is creating an ecological trap for polar bears

San Diego Zoo Global researchers studying the effects of climate change on polar bears are using innovative technologies to understand why polar bears in the Southern Beaufort Sea are showing divergent movement patterns in the summer. In recent decades, about a quarter of this population of bears have chosen to come on land instead of staying on the shrinking summer sea ice platform. Historically, the polar bears in this region remained on the ice year-round. The decision of each individual bear to stay on the ice or to move to land appears to be linked to the energetic cost or benefit of either option, and the potential of having to swim to reach land.

"We found that bears who moved to land expended more energy on average during the summer than bears that remained on the receding sea ice," said Anthony Pagano, Ph.D., a postdoctoral research fellow co-mentored between San Diego Zoo Global, the U.S. Geological Survey and Polar Bears International. "And in the late summer, as the ice became even more restricted, a greater percentage of energy was expended by bears swimming to land. This means the immediate cost of moving to land exceeded the cost of remaining on the receding summer pack ice -- even though bears are having to move greater distances to follow the retreating sea ice than they would have historically."

However, prior research has shown that bears on land in this region have access to whale carcasses in the summer, while bears on the sea ice appear to be fasting. Researchers are concerned that the decision by each individual bear to stay on the ice is creating an ecological trap that may be contributing to population decreases that have already been documented in this population.

The Southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation of polar bears has experienced increased sea ice retreat in recent decades. A basic understanding of polar bear energetics that can be applied to this research has come from studies that include polar bears at the San Diego Zoo and at the Oregon Zoo.

"The polar bear conservation program at the San Diego Zoo has supported research such as this by engaging in studies to measure the energetic costs of polar bear metabolism," said Megan Owen, Ph.D., director of Population Sustainability, San Diego Zoo Global. "These studies have enhanced the capacity of field researchers to interpret data collected on free-ranging bears, providing a better understanding of what it costs a polar bear to move about their rapidly changing habitat."

"The research underscores the importance of taking action to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that are causing sea ice to melt," said Steven Amstrup, Ph.D., chief scientist at Polar Bears International. "It's yet another piece in the climate puzzle, showing the impacts of global climate warming on polar bears and how the bears are responding to sea ice retreat."

Story Source:

Materials provided by San Diego Zoo Global. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

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Glacier algae creates dark zone at the margins of the Greenland Ice Sheet

New research led by scientists from the University of Bristol has revealed new insights into how the microscopic algae that thrives along the edge of the Greenland Ice Sheet causes widespread darkening.

This darkening is critically important as darker ice absorbs more sunlight energy and melts faster, accelerating the overall melting of the ice, which is the single largest contributor to global sea level rises.

Extremophile microscopic algae, or so-called 'glacier algae', are able to live in the upper few centimetres of ice on the surfaces of glaciers and ice sheets and can form widespread blooms during the summer melt season.

Glacier algal blooms on the Greenland Ice Sheet are so extensive that their presence in the surface ice is thought responsible for widespread darkening along the western margin of the ice sheet known as the 'dark zone' that has appeared in satellite observations over the last two decades.

The link between ice sheet darkening and glacier algal blooms had already been supported by modelling and field observations, but it is still unknow exactly how or why the algae causes widespread darkening.

Using detailed field observations, sampling, experimentation and modelling, the Bristol-led team, as part of the NERC-funded Black and Bloom Project, have demonstrated how glacier algae regulate energy within their cells in order to balance their requirements for photosynthesis and growth with the extreme light and temperature environment of the Greenland Ice Sheet and how they are optimised to darken and melt the ice.

The study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, reveals how glacier algae produce a unique phenolic 'sunscreen' pigment at 11-times the cellular content of chlorophyll-a (normally the most abundant pigment in green microalgae).

This phenolic pigment serves to capture and absorb most of the intense sunlight that the algae receive where they live on the surface of the ice sheet, protecting the algae's chloroplasts, which are located underneath vacuoles filled with this pigment, from excessive UV and visible radiation.

The energy that is absorbed by this sunscreen pigment is subsequently available to the cell as heat for melt generation -- an incredibly clever mechanism for algae that lives in an icy world, where access to liquid water is a major limitation on growth and survival.

This pigmentation protects cells from excessive sunlight, but also harnesses the energy for melt generation proximal to the cell, providing access to liquid water and dissolved nutrients critical for life.

Unfortunately, this heavy production of pigment is also one of the reasons why the Greenland Ice Sheet darkens so significantly during summer melt seasons, when glacier algae reach bloom abundances (around 10,000 cells per millilitre of melt water) in surface ice, driving an approximate ten percent increase in surface melt.

The study's lead author, Dr Chris Williamson from the University of Bristol's Bristol Glaciology Centre and School of Geographical Sciences, said: "Permanently cold ecosystems make up more than 70 percent of the Earth's biosphere, though we know very little about the microorganisms that are able to thrive in these extreme environments.

"Our work has provided novel insight in the ecology and physiology of extremophile microalgae that live on the surfaces of glaciers and ice sheets, demonstrating how life is able to thrive within these extreme icy environments.

"This work has significant applied applications for studies of the mass balance (melt versus growth) of glacier and ice sheet systems, allowing the incorporation of such 'biological-albedo' effects into calculations of ice sheet surface reflectance (darkening) and melt."

After quantifying the full suite of pigments produced by glacier algae and modelling their growth on the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet surface, the team's next step is to incorporate all of these 'biological effects' into larger models of Greenland ice sheet mass balance to predict their overall contribution to melt of the ice sheet and global sea level rise.

This next step necessitates a numerical modelling approach using large-scale regional climate models, given the size of the Greenland Ice Sheet. This work is currently underway as part of the Black and Bloom and Deep Purple projects.

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Scientists call on government to increase ambition to save our ocean

In the last decade there has been rapid expansion in the area of ocean designated as a Marine Protected Area (MPA).

Despite this progress, marine biodiversity continues to decline, placing at risk the health of our oceans and the critical role the oceans have in supporting human well-being.

Now a team of marine scientists from across the UK, led by the Marine Conservation Research Group at the University of Plymouth, has called on the Government to increase its ambition to save the oceans by overhauling its approach to marine conservation management.

The researchers have worked at the sharp end of conservation and fisheries management for several decades, and draw on their research and wider expertise to make four key recommendations to Government ministers. They are:

Enable the repair and renewal of marine habitats rather than managing degraded or altered habitats in their reduced state;
Unite conservation policy and fisheries management as the two are critically dependent on each other rather than competing interests;
Establish improved processes for understanding the benefits from ocean protection in a format that leaves in no doubt the links between ocean protection and human lives and livelihoods;
Develop a smarter approach to managing the health of the entire ocean that moves beyond MPAs and enables links to be made across sectors towards sustainability.

The recommendations are published in the journal Marine Policy, and scientists say addressing these issues would enable the UK it to meet its target of becoming a global leader in fisheries management and marine conservation.

Dr Sian Rees, Senior Research Fellow in the University's School of Biological and Marine Sciences and the paper's lead author, said: "2020 is a critical year for ocean protection as we build towards the UN Decade of Ocean Science, and a year where Governments have been invited to step up and support action to halt the global decline in marine biodiversity. In this 'super year' for the ocean it is within the gift of UK Government to set an increased ambition for ocean conservation. This would support the Governments ambition to be 'the first generation that leaves the environment in a better state than that in which we inherited it' and establish the UK as a global leader in fisheries management and marine conservation."

Dr Bryce Beukers-Stewart, from the Department of Environment and Geography at the University of York, added: "There is now substantial evidence that well managed and strategically placed marine protected areas (MPAs) can provide benefits for not only conservation, but also fisheries and human well-being. Unfortunately, many of the MPAs around the UK are not currently managed in a way that delivers their full potential. It is also important that MPAs become better integrated with other marine management measures, if we really want to ensure the long-term future of the benefits provided to us by the ocean."

Jean-Luc Solandt, Principal Specialist in MPAs at the Marine Conservation Society, said: "There has been good progress between many people and organisations to bring effective management for our seas, but this is not enough. More resources and focus on recovery of entire ecosystems has not been forthcoming and we are making the case for stricter management over wider areas of our MPAs."

Story Source:

Materials provided by University of Plymouth. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

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Monday, February 24, 2020

Old carbon reservoirs unlikely to cause massive greenhouse gas release

Permafrost in the soil and methane hydrates deep in the ocean are large reservoirs of ancient carbon. As soil and ocean temperatures rise, the reservoirs have the potential to break down, releasing enormous quantities of the potent greenhouse gas methane. But would this methane actually make it to the atmosphere?

Researchers at the University of Rochester -- including Michael Dyonisius, a graduate student in the lab of Vasilii Petrenko, professor of earth and environmental sciences -- and their collaborators studied methane emissions from a period in Earth's history partly analogous to the warming of Earth today. Their research, published in Science, indicates that even if methane is released from these large natural stores in response to warming, very little actually reaches the atmosphere.

"One of our take-home points is that we need to be more concerned about the anthropogenic emissions -- those originating from human activities -- than the natural feedbacks," Dyonisius says.

WHAT ARE METHANE HYDRATES AND PERMAFROST?

When plants die, they decompose into carbon-based organic matter in the soil. In extremely cold conditions, the carbon in the organic matter freezes and becomes trapped instead of being emitted into the atmosphere. This forms permafrost, soil that has been continuously frozen -- even during the summer -- for more than one year. Permafrost is mostly found on land, mainly in Siberia, Alaska, and Northern Canada.

Along with organic carbon, there is also an abundance of water ice in permafrost. When the permafrost thaws in rising temperatures, the ice melts and the underlying soil becomes waterlogged, helping to create low-oxygen conditions -- the perfect environment for microbes in the soil to consume the carbon and produce methane.

Methane hydrates, on the other hand, are mostly found in ocean sediments along the continental margins. In methane hydrates, cages of water molecules trap methane molecules inside. Methane hydrates can only form under high pressures and low temperatures, so they are mainly found deep in the ocean. If ocean temperatures rise, so will the temperature of the ocean sediments where the methane hydrates are located. The hydrates will then destabilize, fall apart, and release the methane gas.

"If even a fraction of that destabilizes rapidly and that methane is transferred to the atmosphere, we would have a huge greenhouse impact because methane is such a potent greenhouse gas," Petrenko says. "The concern really has to do with releasing a truly massive amount of carbon from these stocks into the atmosphere as the climate continues to warm."

GATHERING DATA FROM ICE CORES

In order to determine how much methane from ancient carbon deposits might be released to the atmosphere in warming conditions, Dyonisius and his colleagues turned to patterns in Earth's past. They drilled and collected ice cores from Taylor Glacier in Antarctica. The ice core samples act like time capsules: they contain tiny air bubbles with small quantities of ancient air trapped inside. The researchers use a melting chamber to extract the ancient air from the bubbles and then study its chemical composition.

Dyonisius's research focused on measuring the composition of air from the time of Earth's last deglaciation, 8,000-15,000 years ago.

"The time period is a partial analog to today, when Earth went from a cold state to a warmer state," Dyonisius says. "But during the last deglaciation, the change was natural. Now the change is driven by human activity, and we're going from a warm state to an even warmer state."

Analyzing the carbon-14 isotope of methane in the samples, the group found that methane emissions from the ancient carbon reservoirs were small. Thus, Dyonisius concludes, "the likelihood of these old carbon reservoirs destabilizing and creating a large positive warming feedback in the present day is also low."

Dyonisius and his collaborators also concluded that the methane released does not reach the atmosphere in large quantities. The researchers believe this is due to several natural "buffers."

BUFFERS PROTECT AGAINST RELEASE TO THE ATMOSPHERE

In the case of methane hydrates, if the methane is released in the deep ocean, most of it is dissolved and oxidized by ocean microbes before it ever reaches the atmosphere. If the methane in permafrost forms deep enough in the soil, it may be oxidized by bacteria that eat the methane, or the carbon in the permafrost may never turn into methane and may instead be released as carbon dioxide.

"It seems like whatever natural buffers are in place are ensuring there's not much methane that gets released," Petrenko says.

The data also shows that methane emissions from wetlands increased in response to climate change during the last deglaciation, and it is likely wetland emissions will increase as the world continues to warm today.

Even so, Petrenko says, "anthropogenic methane emissions currently are larger than wetland emissions by a factor of about two, and our data shows we don't need to be as concerned about large methane releases from large carbon reservoirs in response to future warming; we should be more concerned about methane released from human activities."

This study was supported by the US National Science Foundation and the David and Lucille Packard Foundation.

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