USFG should substantially increase its non-military exploration and/or development of Earth's Oceans

Wednesday, September 16, 2020

Marine animals live where ocean is most breathable, ranges may shrink with climate change

New research shows that a wide variety of marine animals -- from vertebrates to crustaceans to mollusks -- already inhabit the maximum range of breathable ocean that their physiology will allow. The findings provide a warning about climate change: Since warmer waters will harbor less oxygen, some stretches of ocean that are breathable today for a given species may not be in the future.

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Can pumping up cold water from deep within the ocean halt coral bleaching?

Rising ocean temperatures cause marine heat waves, which place stress on living coral animals, as well as the photosynthetic algae on which they depend for energy. A new study is showing potential for the use of artificial upwelling (AU)-- or the application of cooler, deep water -- as a way to mitigate the thermal stress on corals.

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Ancient volcanoes once boosted ocean carbon, but humans are now far outpacing them

A new study of an ancient period that is considered the closest natural analog to the era of modern human carbon emissions has found that massive volcanism sent great waves of carbon into the oceans over thousands of years -- but that nature did not come close to matching what humans are doing today.

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Tuesday, September 15, 2020

Waterford class goes on location for some hands-on learning - theday.com

Waterford class goes on location for some hands-on learning theday.com

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The Third Day: Where was Sky Atlantic's new series with Emily Watson and Jude Law filmed? - Essex Live

The Third Day: Where was Sky Atlantic's new series with Emily Watson and Jude Law filmed? Essex Live

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EARLY FILES - Barnstable Patriot

EARLY FILES Barnstable Patriot

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Solent's 'nitrate trading' trial aims to get developers building again - www.businessgreen.com

Solent's 'nitrate trading' trial aims to get developers building again www.businessgreen.com

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NJ land development slows down, but COVID leaves future uncertain - New Jersey 101.5 FM Radio

NJ land development slows down, but COVID leaves future uncertain New Jersey 101.5 FM Radio

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Gotta Get Away: Beat the quarantine blues with an outdoor adventure - Atlanta Journal Constitution

Gotta Get Away: Beat the quarantine blues with an outdoor adventure Atlanta Journal Constitution

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Pandemic Has Potential to Renew Demand for Suburban Housing in NJ, Land-Use Expert Says - TAPinto.net

Pandemic Has Potential to Renew Demand for Suburban Housing in NJ, Land-Use Expert Says TAPinto.net

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What did we learn from the Deepwater Horizon disaster? - Chemical & Engineering News

What did we learn from the Deepwater Horizon disaster? Chemical & Engineering News

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LU drones survey hurricane damage at beach - Beaumont Enterprise

LU drones survey hurricane damage at beach Beaumont Enterprise

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Virtual tours of Uvas Canyon, Ravenswood set - The Mercury News

Virtual tours of Uvas Canyon, Ravenswood set The Mercury News

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Homebuilders' nitrate trading mitigation scheme could get national roll-out, government says - PlanningResource

Homebuilders' nitrate trading mitigation scheme could get national roll-out, government says PlanningResource

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Ocean algae get 'coup de grace' from viruses

Scientists have long believed that ocean viruses always quickly kill algae, but Rutgers-led research shows they live in harmony with algae and viruses provide a "coup de grace" only when blooms of algae are already stressed and dying.

The study, published in the journal Nature Communications, will likely change how scientists view viral infections of algae, also known as phytoplankton -- especially the impact of viruses on ecosystem processes like algal bloom formation (and decline) and the cycling of carbon and other chemicals on Earth.

"It's only when the infected algal cells become stressed, such as when they run out of nutrients, that the viruses turn deadly," said lead author Benjamin Knowles, a former post-doctoral researcher in the Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences in the School of Environmental and Biological Sciences at Rutgers University-New Brunswick who is now at UCLA. He was also a post-doctoral fellow at Rutgers' Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences. "We feel that this entirely new model of infection is widespread in the oceans and stands to fundamentally alter how we view host-virus interactions and the impact of viruses on ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling since it goes against the long-accepted classic model of viruses always being lethal and killing cells."

Biogeochemical cycling refers to essential nutrients like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron and water circulating through organisms and the environment. The coccolithophore algae Emiliania huxleyi was the focus of the study as a model for other algae-virus systems and is a central driver of this process.

The scientists studied virus-algae interactions in the lab and in controlled, mini-blooms in coastal waters of Norway. They focused on viral infection of a form of algae that is responsible for generating much of the oxygen and carbon cycling on Earth. A group of ocean viruses called coccolithoviruses routinely infect and kill E. huxleyi over 1,000 square miles, which is viewable from space via Earth-observing satellites.

The viruses eventually rupture algal cells, contributing to the global food web by making energy and organic matter available to other organisms. But infected cells don't die right away, the scientists discovered. Instead, infected cells multiply and bloom across dozens of miles of ocean waters and die in a coordinated manner. These dynamics have been routinely observed in previous studies but couldn't be explained by the rate at which algal hosts and viruses encounter each other in nature.

"The algae and viruses have a quasi-symbiotic type of relationship, allowing both algal cells and viruses to replicate happily for a while," said senior author Kay D. Bidle, a professor and microbial oceanographer in the Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences at Rutgers-New Brunswick and the Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences. "We feel that these newly discovered dynamics also apply to other virus-algal interactions across the oceans and are fundamental to how infection works. By combining experimental, theoretical and environmental approaches, our work presents a template to diagnose this type of infection in other systems."

The algae-virus dynamics have important implications for the outcome of infections and the flow of carbon and may lead to scenarios where carbon dioxide is sequestered, or stored, in the deep ocean rather than retained in the upper ocean, Bidle said. Further research is needed to fully understand the extent of these dynamics and their impacts on ecosystems and the cycling of carbon in the oceans.

Story Source:

Materials provided by Rutgers University. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

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Monday, September 14, 2020

Why does land warm faster than oceans in climate change? - World Economic Forum

Why does land warm faster than oceans in climate change? World Economic Forum

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A reading list for uncertain times - Science

A reading list for uncertain times Science

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