USFG should substantially increase its non-military exploration and/or development of Earth's Oceans: 2020

Wednesday, September 16, 2020

Marine animals live where ocean is most breathable, ranges may shrink with climate change

New research shows that a wide variety of marine animals -- from vertebrates to crustaceans to mollusks -- already inhabit the maximum range of breathable ocean that their physiology will allow. The findings provide a warning about climate change: Since warmer waters will harbor less oxygen, some stretches of ocean that are breathable today for a given species may not be in the future.

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Can pumping up cold water from deep within the ocean halt coral bleaching?

Rising ocean temperatures cause marine heat waves, which place stress on living coral animals, as well as the photosynthetic algae on which they depend for energy. A new study is showing potential for the use of artificial upwelling (AU)-- or the application of cooler, deep water -- as a way to mitigate the thermal stress on corals.

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Ancient volcanoes once boosted ocean carbon, but humans are now far outpacing them

A new study of an ancient period that is considered the closest natural analog to the era of modern human carbon emissions has found that massive volcanism sent great waves of carbon into the oceans over thousands of years -- but that nature did not come close to matching what humans are doing today.

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Tuesday, September 15, 2020

Waterford class goes on location for some hands-on learning - theday.com

Waterford class goes on location for some hands-on learning theday.com

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The Third Day: Where was Sky Atlantic's new series with Emily Watson and Jude Law filmed? - Essex Live

The Third Day: Where was Sky Atlantic's new series with Emily Watson and Jude Law filmed? Essex Live

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EARLY FILES - Barnstable Patriot

EARLY FILES Barnstable Patriot

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Solent's 'nitrate trading' trial aims to get developers building again - www.businessgreen.com

Solent's 'nitrate trading' trial aims to get developers building again www.businessgreen.com

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NJ land development slows down, but COVID leaves future uncertain - New Jersey 101.5 FM Radio

NJ land development slows down, but COVID leaves future uncertain New Jersey 101.5 FM Radio

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Gotta Get Away: Beat the quarantine blues with an outdoor adventure - Atlanta Journal Constitution

Gotta Get Away: Beat the quarantine blues with an outdoor adventure Atlanta Journal Constitution

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Pandemic Has Potential to Renew Demand for Suburban Housing in NJ, Land-Use Expert Says - TAPinto.net

Pandemic Has Potential to Renew Demand for Suburban Housing in NJ, Land-Use Expert Says TAPinto.net

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What did we learn from the Deepwater Horizon disaster? - Chemical & Engineering News

What did we learn from the Deepwater Horizon disaster? Chemical & Engineering News

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LU drones survey hurricane damage at beach - Beaumont Enterprise

LU drones survey hurricane damage at beach Beaumont Enterprise

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Virtual tours of Uvas Canyon, Ravenswood set - The Mercury News

Virtual tours of Uvas Canyon, Ravenswood set The Mercury News

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Homebuilders' nitrate trading mitigation scheme could get national roll-out, government says - PlanningResource

Homebuilders' nitrate trading mitigation scheme could get national roll-out, government says PlanningResource

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Ocean algae get 'coup de grace' from viruses

Scientists have long believed that ocean viruses always quickly kill algae, but Rutgers-led research shows they live in harmony with algae and viruses provide a "coup de grace" only when blooms of algae are already stressed and dying.

The study, published in the journal Nature Communications, will likely change how scientists view viral infections of algae, also known as phytoplankton -- especially the impact of viruses on ecosystem processes like algal bloom formation (and decline) and the cycling of carbon and other chemicals on Earth.

"It's only when the infected algal cells become stressed, such as when they run out of nutrients, that the viruses turn deadly," said lead author Benjamin Knowles, a former post-doctoral researcher in the Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences in the School of Environmental and Biological Sciences at Rutgers University-New Brunswick who is now at UCLA. He was also a post-doctoral fellow at Rutgers' Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences. "We feel that this entirely new model of infection is widespread in the oceans and stands to fundamentally alter how we view host-virus interactions and the impact of viruses on ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling since it goes against the long-accepted classic model of viruses always being lethal and killing cells."

Biogeochemical cycling refers to essential nutrients like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron and water circulating through organisms and the environment. The coccolithophore algae Emiliania huxleyi was the focus of the study as a model for other algae-virus systems and is a central driver of this process.

The scientists studied virus-algae interactions in the lab and in controlled, mini-blooms in coastal waters of Norway. They focused on viral infection of a form of algae that is responsible for generating much of the oxygen and carbon cycling on Earth. A group of ocean viruses called coccolithoviruses routinely infect and kill E. huxleyi over 1,000 square miles, which is viewable from space via Earth-observing satellites.

The viruses eventually rupture algal cells, contributing to the global food web by making energy and organic matter available to other organisms. But infected cells don't die right away, the scientists discovered. Instead, infected cells multiply and bloom across dozens of miles of ocean waters and die in a coordinated manner. These dynamics have been routinely observed in previous studies but couldn't be explained by the rate at which algal hosts and viruses encounter each other in nature.

"The algae and viruses have a quasi-symbiotic type of relationship, allowing both algal cells and viruses to replicate happily for a while," said senior author Kay D. Bidle, a professor and microbial oceanographer in the Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences at Rutgers-New Brunswick and the Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences. "We feel that these newly discovered dynamics also apply to other virus-algal interactions across the oceans and are fundamental to how infection works. By combining experimental, theoretical and environmental approaches, our work presents a template to diagnose this type of infection in other systems."

The algae-virus dynamics have important implications for the outcome of infections and the flow of carbon and may lead to scenarios where carbon dioxide is sequestered, or stored, in the deep ocean rather than retained in the upper ocean, Bidle said. Further research is needed to fully understand the extent of these dynamics and their impacts on ecosystems and the cycling of carbon in the oceans.

Story Source:

Materials provided by Rutgers University. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

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Carbon-rich planets made of diamonds may exist beyond our solar system, study says - KITV Honolulu

Carbon-rich planets made of diamonds may exist beyond our solar system, study says KITV Honolulu

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A humpback whale is stranded in a crocodile-infested river after taking a wrong turn - CNN

A humpback whale is stranded in a crocodile-infested river after taking a wrong turn CNN

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A chunk of ice twice the size of Manhattan has broken off Greenland in the last two years - CNN

A chunk of ice twice the size of Manhattan has broken off Greenland in the last two years CNN

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Monday, September 14, 2020

Why does land warm faster than oceans in climate change? - World Economic Forum

Why does land warm faster than oceans in climate change? World Economic Forum

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A reading list for uncertain times - Science

A reading list for uncertain times Science

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World Wildlife Fund: Global Wildlife Populations Have Declined Nearly 70 Percent - National Parks Traveler

World Wildlife Fund: Global Wildlife Populations Have Declined Nearly 70 Percent National Parks Traveler

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Protecting ocean habitats isn't easy when industries are booming – but can they be part of the solution? - The Conversation UK

Protecting ocean habitats isn't easy when industries are booming – but can they be part of the solution? The Conversation UK

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Science, solidarity and solutions needed against climate change: Guterres - UN News

Science, solidarity and solutions needed against climate change: Guterres UN News

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Sea Level Mission Will Also Act as a Precision Thermometer in Space - NASA

Sea Level Mission Will Also Act as a Precision Thermometer in Space NASA

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Sunday, September 13, 2020

Vigilance department finds 197 mangroves cut at Piligao - Times of India

Vigilance department finds 197 mangroves cut at Piligao Times of India

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Hopped Malt Extract Market is Thriving Worldwide 2020-2027 | Leading Players – Coopers, Cerex, Hambleton Bard, Mangrove Jack's, Brewferm, Muntons, BrewDemon - The Daily Chronicle

Hopped Malt Extract Market is Thriving Worldwide 2020-2027 | Leading Players – Coopers, Cerex, Hambleton Bard, Mangrove Jack's, Brewferm, Muntons, BrewDemon The Daily Chronicle

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Decomposed whale carcass washes ashore at Alibag in Maharashtra - Hindustan Times

Decomposed whale carcass washes ashore at Alibag in Maharashtra Hindustan Times

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Maharashtra’s coastal districts to have marine animal rescue centres before next monsoon - Hindustan Times

Maharashtra’s coastal districts to have marine animal rescue centres before next monsoon Hindustan Times

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Candidate Profile: Andy Mele - The Bradenton Times

Candidate Profile: Andy Mele The Bradenton Times

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Raviravi villagers concerned with climate change – FBC News - FBC News

Raviravi villagers concerned with climate change – FBC News FBC News

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An Increasingly Crowded Ocean Calls for a New Role for Transnational Corporations - IDN InDepthNews | Analysis That Matters

An Increasingly Crowded Ocean Calls for a New Role for Transnational Corporations IDN InDepthNews | Analysis That Matters

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Heavy rains bring red mangrove run-off into South Sound - Cayman Compass

Heavy rains bring red mangrove run-off into South Sound Cayman Compass

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First Look: 'Alex Wheatle' From Steve McQueen's 'Small Axe' BBC/Amazon Anthology (Exclusive) - Hollywood Reporter

First Look: 'Alex Wheatle' From Steve McQueen's 'Small Axe' BBC/Amazon Anthology (Exclusive) Hollywood Reporter

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Mangrove loss has fallen dramatically, but the forests are still in danger - The Washington Post

Mangrove loss has fallen dramatically, but the forests are still in danger The Washington Post

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'It's global warming' - Rising seas destroy houses in PNG - RNZ

'It's global warming' - Rising seas destroy houses in PNG RNZ

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Climate Change May Wipe Out Large Mangrove Forests, New Research Suggests - Iowa Public Radio

Climate Change May Wipe Out Large Mangrove Forests, New Research Suggests Iowa Public Radio

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South-South Cooperation to tackle climate change - UN Environment

South-South Cooperation to tackle climate change UN Environment

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MOL earmarks USD 9.4 million for clean-up after oil spill near Mauritius - ShippingWatch UK

MOL earmarks USD 9.4 million for clean-up after oil spill near Mauritius ShippingWatch UK

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[ANALYSIS] The bad economics of dumping fake white sand along Manila Bay - Rappler

[ANALYSIS] The bad economics of dumping fake white sand along Manila Bay Rappler

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Protecting ocean habitats isn't easy when industries are booming – but can they be part of the solution? - The Conversation UK

Protecting ocean habitats isn't easy when industries are booming – but can they be part of the solution? The Conversation UK

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SINGAPORE MANGROVES: THE CARBON HARVESTER - Industry Global News 24

SINGAPORE MANGROVES: THE CARBON HARVESTER Industry Global News 24

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French Creek Estuary owners poised to donate more than 12 acres as parkland - BCLocalNews

French Creek Estuary owners poised to donate more than 12 acres as parkland BCLocalNews

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Letter: Responding to the Response to my Op/Ed - The Bradenton Times

Letter: Responding to the Response to my Op/Ed The Bradenton Times

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A return to defiance - Deccan Herald

A return to defiance Deccan Herald

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Aircraft, bomb and skeleton in eclectic Fort Paull auction - BBC News

Aircraft, bomb and skeleton in eclectic Fort Paull auction BBC News

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Campbell River Art+Earth Festival to experiment with technology for sophomore year - vancouverislandfreedaily.com

Campbell River Art+Earth Festival to experiment with technology for sophomore year vancouverislandfreedaily.com

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Exe Estuary users warned over Exmouth Local Nature Reserve - Exmouth Journal

Exe Estuary users warned over Exmouth Local Nature Reserve Exmouth Journal

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Taiwan's Hualien experiences alarming coral bleaching - Taiwan News

Taiwan's Hualien experiences alarming coral bleaching Taiwan News

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Protecting fly-in freeloaders near Hastings St - Noosa News

Protecting fly-in freeloaders near Hastings St Noosa News

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Emergency services working to retrieve car found submerged in water in Napier - 1News

Emergency services working to retrieve car found submerged in water in Napier 1News

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Council to host briefings on long-term solution to erosion issues at Portrane - Dublin People

Council to host briefings on long-term solution to erosion issues at Portrane Dublin People

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Essex island takes a starring role in The Third Day and opens to day visitors for first time - iNews

Essex island takes a starring role in The Third Day and opens to day visitors for first time iNews

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Beyond the Expected: An Interview with Stony Brook's Naturalist - Stony Brook News

Beyond the Expected: An Interview with Stony Brook's Naturalist Stony Brook News

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RCKa and AOC win Ebbsfleet cultural co-design contest - Architect's Journal

RCKa and AOC win Ebbsfleet cultural co-design contest Architect's Journal

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WHAT TO DO, WHERE TO GO - Florida Weekly

WHAT TO DO, WHERE TO GO Florida Weekly

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BFAR, USAid host workshop to battle illegal fishing – The Manila Times - The Manila Times

BFAR, USAid host workshop to battle illegal fishing – The Manila Times The Manila Times

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World Wildlife Population Has Declined By 68pc In 46 Years: Study - Kashmir Observer

World Wildlife Population Has Declined By 68pc In 46 Years: Study Kashmir Observer

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Weather Helps Crews Fight Wildfires Along US West Coast - Voice of America

Weather Helps Crews Fight Wildfires Along US West Coast Voice of America

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Smoke from distant fires in U.S. poses 'very high risk' for air quality in B.C. - CBC.ca

Smoke from distant fires in U.S. poses 'very high risk' for air quality in B.C. CBC.ca

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SF records highest daily AQI of wildfire season - SF Gate

SF records highest daily AQI of wildfire season SF Gate

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Smoke to continue through the weekend - Mail Tribune

Smoke to continue through the weekend Mail Tribune

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Massive smoke clouds from wildfires darken West Coast sky - The Associated Press

Massive smoke clouds from wildfires darken West Coast sky The Associated Press

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Ketagalan Forum: 2020 Asia-Pacific Security Dialogue kicks off in Taipei - Taiwan Today

Ketagalan Forum: 2020 Asia-Pacific Security Dialogue kicks off in Taipei Taiwan Today

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Saturday, September 12, 2020

What We Don't Know About Parasites in Our Changing World Could Be Deadly - The Union Journal

What We Don't Know About Parasites in Our Changing World Could Be Deadly The Union Journal

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How a new art exhibition in Venice is shining a light on the planet's battle against rising oceans - Telegraph.co.uk

How a new art exhibition in Venice is shining a light on the planet's battle against rising oceans Telegraph.co.uk

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Climate Change May Wipe Out Large Mangrove Forests, New Research Suggests - Iowa Public Radio

Climate Change May Wipe Out Large Mangrove Forests, New Research Suggests Iowa Public Radio

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Rowan/Rutgers report: Land Development slows in N.J. but coastal regions at risk - Rowan Today

Rowan/Rutgers report: Land Development slows in N.J. but coastal regions at risk Rowan Today

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OOIDA's tour trailer, The Spirit, starts next week off in Salina, Kan. - Land Line Media

OOIDA's tour trailer, The Spirit, starts next week off in Salina, Kan. Land Line Media

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Pandemic has potential to renew demand for suburban housing in N.J., land-use expert says - WHYY

Pandemic has potential to renew demand for suburban housing in N.J., land-use expert says WHYY

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South Napa residents on Milton Road told to not drink the water - Napa Valley Register

South Napa residents on Milton Road told to not drink the water Napa Valley Register

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Environmental groups seek help to catch up on cleanups - CBC.ca

Environmental groups seek help to catch up on cleanups CBC.ca

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Nitrate trading to enable building to resume in south Hampshire - Construction Index News

Nitrate trading to enable building to resume in south Hampshire Construction Index News

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Pandemic Has Potential to Renew Demand for Suburban Housing in NJ, Land-Use Expert Says - NJ Spotlight

Pandemic Has Potential to Renew Demand for Suburban Housing in NJ, Land-Use Expert Says NJ Spotlight

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Hurricane Laura unleashes swarms of livestock-killing mosquitoes - New York Post

Hurricane Laura unleashes swarms of livestock-killing mosquitoes New York Post

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Seven easy New England bicycle trails that the whole family will love - The Boston Globe

Seven easy New England bicycle trails that the whole family will love The Boston Globe

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Tour de France : Stage 12: A long stage tribute to Poulidor and Chirac – Tour de France - Explica

Tour de France : Stage 12: A long stage tribute to Poulidor and Chirac – Tour de France Explica

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Grad students get energy grants - UDaily

Grad students get energy grants UDaily

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Thursday, September 10, 2020

Their lives' work: protecting our flora and fauna - Florida Weekly

Their lives' work: protecting our flora and fauna Florida Weekly

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Goodland Drive Rehabilitation Project Public Information Meeting - coastalbreezenews.com

Goodland Drive Rehabilitation Project Public Information Meeting coastalbreezenews.com

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Urban poor families fear eviction amid Manila Bay cosmetic rehab - Philippine Star

Urban poor families fear eviction amid Manila Bay cosmetic rehab Philippine Star

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Dow-DMCR-IUCN takes mangrove conservation to the next level in the fight against global warming and marine debris - Bangkok Post

Dow-DMCR-IUCN takes mangrove conservation to the next level in the fight against global warming and marine debris Bangkok Post

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Contemporary Fabric Art Featured at La Petite Galerie - coastalbreezenews.com

Contemporary Fabric Art Featured at La Petite Galerie coastalbreezenews.com

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68% Average Decline in Species Population Sizes Since 1970, Says New WWF Report - StreetInsider.com

68% Average Decline in Species Population Sizes Since 1970, Says New WWF Report StreetInsider.com

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Gulf State Park Pier could be open mid-September; Meanwhile, enjoy fishing for free at Al. Point seawall - Mulletwrapper

Gulf State Park Pier could be open mid-September; Meanwhile, enjoy fishing for free at Al. Point seawall Mulletwrapper

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Watch An IMO 'Expert' Give Mauritius The Worst Advice Ever - gcaptain.com

Watch An IMO 'Expert' Give Mauritius The Worst Advice Ever gcaptain.com

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Urban poor families fear eviction due to Manila Bay white sand project - Manila Bulletin

Urban poor families fear eviction due to Manila Bay white sand project Manila Bulletin

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Fishing Report: After a short lull, catch comes roaring back to life - Daytona Beach News-Journal

Fishing Report: After a short lull, catch comes roaring back to life Daytona Beach News-Journal

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Substances with anti-cancer action are identified in Brazilian red propolis - EurekAlert

Substances with anti-cancer action are identified in Brazilian red propolis EurekAlert

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Volunteers and Hunter Local Land Services clear marine debris from Hunter Estuary - News Of The Area

Volunteers and Hunter Local Land Services clear marine debris from Hunter Estuary News Of The Area

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Mangrove Mike’s Cafe adds location at established marina - Florida Keys Weekly

Mangrove Mike’s Cafe adds location at established marina Florida Keys Weekly

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Seasonal Bird Count in Bhitarkanika National Park Rises by 9,000 - Outlook India

Seasonal Bird Count in Bhitarkanika National Park Rises by 9,000 Outlook India

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Raid unearths illegal activities in mangrove forest ecosystems - The Standard

Raid unearths illegal activities in mangrove forest ecosystems The Standard

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On the Water: Fishing good for some but slow for others - Pine Island Eagle

On the Water: Fishing good for some but slow for others Pine Island Eagle

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Suria Capital Bags Green Award at Asia Corporate Excellence & Sustainability Awards (ACES) 2020 - Yahoo Finance

Suria Capital Bags Green Award at Asia Corporate Excellence & Sustainability Awards (ACES) 2020 Yahoo Finance

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POP idols released in Thane creek by TMC may affect Flamingo sanctuary - Free Press Journal

POP idols released in Thane creek by TMC may affect Flamingo sanctuary Free Press Journal

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Bengal’s Sunderbans billed ‘endangered ecosystem’, mangroves show signs of climate-resilience - Hindustan Times

Bengal’s Sunderbans billed ‘endangered ecosystem’, mangroves show signs of climate-resilience Hindustan Times

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BFI London Film Festival To Screen ‘Soul’, ‘Nomadland’ At Hybrid 2020 Edition - Deadline

BFI London Film Festival To Screen ‘Soul’, ‘Nomadland’ At Hybrid 2020 Edition Deadline

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Thunderstorms flush catch-and-release trio from river to hook - Anna Maria Island News - The Anna Maria Islander

Thunderstorms flush catch-and-release trio from river to hook - Anna Maria Island News The Anna Maria Islander

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Mangroves Planting and Kayaking by 365 Adventures - ILoveQatar.net

Mangroves Planting and Kayaking by 365 Adventures ILoveQatar.net

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Group: P389-M budget for Manila Bay rehab could be used to plant 13,000 hectares of mangrove forests - Manila Bulletin

Group: P389-M budget for Manila Bay rehab could be used to plant 13,000 hectares of mangrove forests Manila Bulletin

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Campbell River Art+Earth Festival to experiment with technology for sophomore year - BCLocalNews

Campbell River Art+Earth Festival to experiment with technology for sophomore year BCLocalNews

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Multimillion-dollar Coromandel marina project abandoned after funding denied - Stuff.co.nz

Multimillion-dollar Coromandel marina project abandoned after funding denied Stuff.co.nz

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French Creek eagles saved with first-of-its-kind artificial nest - Nanaimo News NOW

French Creek eagles saved with first-of-its-kind artificial nest Nanaimo News NOW

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What happened when we played the oldest New Course in the world? - National Club Golfer

What happened when we played the oldest New Course in the world? National Club Golfer

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Microplastic pollution accumulates heavily in coastal areas such as fjords and estuaries - Jill Lopez

Microplastic pollution accumulates heavily in coastal areas such as fjords and estuaries Jill Lopez

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Artificial nest for bald eagles the first of its kind on Vancouver Island - Ladysmith Chronicle

Artificial nest for bald eagles the first of its kind on Vancouver Island Ladysmith Chronicle

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Shoreline Chambers to hold Women of Excellence celebration - Middletown Press

Shoreline Chambers to hold Women of Excellence celebration Middletown Press

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Virtual events with the Hudson River Estuary program - Hudson Valley 360

Virtual events with the Hudson River Estuary program Hudson Valley 360

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Llangennech: Oil spill spreads for miles after train derailment - BBC News

Llangennech: Oil spill spreads for miles after train derailment BBC News

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World Wildlife Plummets More Than Two-Thirds in 50 Years: Index - The Globe Post

World Wildlife Plummets More Than Two-Thirds in 50 Years: Index The Globe Post

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Air quality advisory extended for hazardous air in the Willamette Valley - Statesman Journal

Air quality advisory extended for hazardous air in the Willamette Valley Statesman Journal

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Dalhousie professor outlines harmful human impacts on oceans in global report - Global News

Dalhousie professor outlines harmful human impacts on oceans in global report Global News

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Talking Points: Autumn 2020 - Earth Island Journal

Talking Points: Autumn 2020 Earth Island Journal

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These restaurants made it out of the Great Depression but couldn't weather coronavirus - CNN

These restaurants made it out of the Great Depression but couldn't weather coronavirus CNN

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Study of Ocean Salinity Reveals Amped-Up Global Water Cycle - Courthouse News Service

Study of Ocean Salinity Reveals Amped-Up Global Water Cycle Courthouse News Service

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Sustainable fishing pushed in workshop – The Manila Times - The Manila Times

Sustainable fishing pushed in workshop – The Manila Times The Manila Times

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A new study of ocean salinity finds substantial amplification of the global water cycle - Phys.org

A new study of ocean salinity finds substantial amplification of the global water cycle Phys.org

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More students are back at school as Covid-19 cases rise among children and at colleges - CNN

More students are back at school as Covid-19 cases rise among children and at colleges CNN

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Smoke fills skies over Greater Victoria; air quality considered high risk - Times Colonist

Smoke fills skies over Greater Victoria; air quality considered high risk Times Colonist

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Energy transition: there's been little change in the energy mix since 1973 URL: energy-mix-1970s-today - World Economic Forum

Energy transition: there's been little change in the energy mix since 1973 URL: energy-mix-1970s-today World Economic Forum

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Exclusive: Credit Suisse launches ocean engagement fund with Rockefeller AM - citywireselector.com

Exclusive: Credit Suisse launches ocean engagement fund with Rockefeller AM citywireselector.com

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Loss of sea otters accelerating the effects of climate change

The impacts of predator loss and climate change are combining to devastate living reefs that have defined Alaskan kelp forests for centuries, according to new research published in Science.

"We discovered that massive limestone reefs built by algae underpin the Aleutian Islands' kelp forest ecosystem," said Douglas Rasher, a senior research scientist at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences and the lead author of the study. "However, these long-lived reefs are now disappearing before our eyes, and we're looking at a collapse likely on the order of decades rather than centuries."

The coral-like reefs, built by the red alga Clathromorphum nereostratum, are being ground down by sea urchins. Sea urchins exploded in number after their predator, the Aleutian sea otter, became functionally extinct in the 1990's. Without the urchins' natural predator to keep them in check, urchins have transformed the seascape -- first by mowing down the dense kelp forests, and now by turning their attention to the coralline algae that form the reef.

Clathromorphum produces a limestone skeleton that protects the organism from grazers and, over hundreds of years, forms a complex reef that nurtures a rich diversity of sea life. With kelp gone from the menu, urchins are now boring through the alga's tough protective layer to eat the alga -- a process that has become much easier due to climate change.

"Ocean warming and acidification are making it difficult for calcifying organisms to produce their shells, or in this case, the alga's protective skeleton," said Rasher, who led the international team of researchers that included coauthors Jim Estes from UC Santa Cruz and Bob Steneck from University of Maine. "This critical species has now become highly vulnerable to urchin grazing -- right as urchin abundance is peaking. It's a devasting combination."

Based on their size and age, it's clear that the massive reefs built by Clathromorphum have long played a vital role in the Aleutian Islands' marine ecosystem, including during past urchin booms. Sea otters were hunted to near extinction during the maritime fur trade of the 1700s and 1800s. When urchin populations spiked in response, the reefs held their ground.

"During the fur trade, Clathromorphum persisted through centuries where urchins presumably abounded," Rasher said. "However, the situation has drastically changed this time around. Our research shows that sea urchin grazing has become much more lethal in recent years due to the emergent effects of climate change."

As the alga adds to its calcified skeleton each year, it creates bands of annual growth -- like rings in a tree. These bands archive whether sea urchin grazing events occurred in each year. By examining polished samples under a microscope, the research team found that they suddenly had a way to look back into the ecosystem's past. This insight allowed them to determine that urchin grazing had waned and waxed over time with the past recovery and recent collapse of sea otter populations. Alarmingly, it also revealed that grazing rates have accelerated in recent time in association with rising seawater temperatures.

The researchers also brought live Clathromorphum and urchins back to the laboratory and put them in controlled environments that replicated preindustrial and current seawater conditions, as well as those expected at the end of the century. After three months, the algae and urchins were paired together to assess how the lethality of urchin grazing changed as a function of seawater temperature and acidity. The scientists found that lethal grazing under current conditions was about 35 to 60 percent greater than in preindustrial conditions. The rates grew even more under future conditions -- by about an additional 20 to 40 percent. The results of the experiment confirmed that climate change has recently allowed urchins to breach the alga's defenses, pushing this system beyond a critical tipping point.

"It's well documented that humans are changing Earth's ecosystems by altering the climate and by removing large predators, but scientists rarely study those processes together," Rasher said. "If we had only studied the effects of climate change on Clathromorphum in the laboratory, we would have arrived at very different conclusions about the vulnerability and future of this species. Our study shows that we must view climate change through an ecological lens, or we're likely to face many surprises in the coming years."

The discovery of this interplay between predators and climate change does offer some hope -- providing multiple ways to address the accelerating reef destruction. Reducing greenhouse gases is one of humanity's most urgent needs, but it is a global effort that requires international cooperation and coordination. Restoring sea otters, however, is a regional effort that has the ability to mitigate reef erosion by urchins, and pull the ecosystem back from its tipping point.

"This is exciting because it suggests that resource managers have opportunities to manage large predators in ways that can help slow the rate with which climate change is deteriorating our natural ecosystems," Rasher said. "In the case of Aleutian kelp forests, restoring sea otter populations would bring many ecological benefits, and would also buy us time to get our act together on curbing carbon emissions, before this foundational reef builder is lost."

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$500 billion question: What's the value of studying the ocean's biological carbon pump?

A new paper published in the journal Science of the Total Environment from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) puts an economic value on the benefit of research to improve knowledge of the biological carbon pump and reduce the uncertainty of ocean carbon sequestration estimates.

Using a climate economy model that factors in the social costs of carbon and reflects future damages expected as a consequence of a changing climate, lead author Di Jin of WHOI's Marine Policy Center places the value of studying ocean carbon sequestration at $500 billion.

"The paper lays out the connections between the benefit of scientific research and decision making," says Jin. "By investing in science, you can narrow the range of uncertainty and improve a social cost-benefit assessment."

Better understanding of the ocean's carbon sequestration capacity will lead to more accurate climate models, providing policymakers with the information they need to establish emissions targets and make plans for a changing climate, Jin adds.

With co-authors Porter Hoagland and Ken Buesseler, Jin builds a case for a 20-year scientific research program to measure and model the ocean's biological carbon pump, the process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is transported to the deep ocean through the marine food web.

The biological carbon pump is fueled by tiny plant-like organisms floating on the ocean surface called phytoplankton, which consume carbon dioxide in the process of photosynthesis. When the phytoplankton die or are eaten by larger organisms, the carbon-rich fragments and fecal matter sink deeper into the ocean, where they are eaten by other creatures or buried in seafloor sediments, which helps decrease atmospheric carbon dioxide and thus reduces global climate change.

Rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, a result of human activity such as burning fossil fuels, warms the planet by trapping heat from the sun and also dissolves into seawater, lowering the pH of the ocean, a phenomenon known as ocean acidification. A warmer, more acidic ocean could weaken the carbon pump, causing atmospheric temperatures to rise -- or it could get stronger, with the opposite effect.

"When we try to predict what the world is going to look like, there's great uncertainty," says Buesseler, a WHOI marine chemist. "Not only do we not know how big this pump is, we don't know whether it will remove more or less carbon dioxide in the future. We need to make progress to better understand where we're headed, because the climate affects all of humanity."

Buesseler added that efforts like WHOI's Ocean Twilight Zone initiative and NASA's EXport Processes in the global Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) program are making important strides in understanding the ocean's role in the global carbon cycle, but this research needs to be vastly scaled up in order to develop predictive models such as those used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Current IPCC models do not account for change in the ocean's ability to take up carbon, which Buesseler said affects their accuracy.

Though the paper's assessment doesn't account for the cost of a global research program, Buesseler said that investment would be a small fraction of the $500 billion expected benefit. The authors warn that this savings could also be viewed as a cost to society if the research does not lead to policy decisions that mitigate the effects of climate change.

"Just like a weather forecast that helps you decide whether or not to bring an umbrella, you use your knowledge and experience to make a decision based on science," Jin says. "If you hear it's going to rain and you don't listen, you will get wet."

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Wednesday, September 9, 2020

Service announces more than $8 million in grants to improve the health of the Delaware River Watershed - InsiderNJ

Service announces more than $8 million in grants to improve the health of the Delaware River Watershed InsiderNJ

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How Georgia Protected Its Salt Marsh 50 Years Ago, And Why That's Important For The Future | 90.1 FM WABE - WABE 90.1 FM

How Georgia Protected Its Salt Marsh 50 Years Ago, And Why That's Important For The Future | 90.1 FM WABE WABE 90.1 FM

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Land Development in New Jersey Continues to Slow - Newswise

Land Development in New Jersey Continues to Slow Newswise

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13 things to do at Norfolk Heritage Open Days 2020 - Eastern Daily Press

13 things to do at Norfolk Heritage Open Days 2020 Eastern Daily Press

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Marine incursion: Study finds 0.5% of world's ocean floors now affected by construction - News - GCR

Marine incursion: Study finds 0.5% of world's ocean floors now affected by construction - News GCR

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How artificial salt marshes can help in the fight against rising seas - The Guardian

How artificial salt marshes can help in the fight against rising seas The Guardian

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Georgetown and Phippsburg: "More Maine Than Maine" - Phippsburg and Georgetown, Maine - Down East

Georgetown and Phippsburg: "More Maine Than Maine" - Phippsburg and Georgetown, Maine Down East

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Sand dunes, salt marshes and sculptures: Cycling the Sefton Coastal Path - The Independent

Sand dunes, salt marshes and sculptures: Cycling the Sefton Coastal Path The Independent

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Loyd Grossman names Norfolk as his favourite UK holiday destination - Eastern Daily Press

Loyd Grossman names Norfolk as his favourite UK holiday destination Eastern Daily Press

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Rail Birds of the Marshes - Chesapeake Bay Magazine

Rail Birds of the Marshes Chesapeake Bay Magazine

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Connecticut Moves Closer to Gaining a National Estuarine Research Reserve - The Pew Charitable Trusts

Connecticut Moves Closer to Gaining a National Estuarine Research Reserve The Pew Charitable Trusts

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Wetlands Project Moves Forward - Alameda Sun

Wetlands Project Moves Forward Alameda Sun

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Saving marine life: Novel method quantifies the effects of plastic on marine wildlife

Scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology together with their international collaborators developed a novel quantitative method to quantify the effects of plastic on marine animals. This method successfully shows that plastic ingestion by sea turtles might be causing population declines, despite a lack of strong effects on individual turtles.

Plastic debris in marine ecosystems is a serious global issue and is the research focus of leading scientists across the globe. Annually, around 10 million tons of waste, mostly plastic, finds its way into the world's oceans. Plastic debris in the open and coastal seas can jeopardize the health of marine wildlife, affecting human health and economy both directly and indirectly.

Almost 700 marine species have been documented to interact with plastic, most commonly by ingesting smaller pieces and becoming entangled in larger pieces. Among the most affected species are sea turtles. All seven known species of sea turtles have been seriously impacted by the presence of plastic waste in marine ecosystems. Ingestion of plastic waste is often not lethal for sea turtles, but it does reduce their ability to feed and can cause negative toxic effects. Scientists have been warning for over a decade about the negative non-lethal effects of ingested plastics, noting that these effects are "particularly difficult to quantify."

Now, in a new study, an international research group, comprising Asst. Prof. Marko Jusup (Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo Tech], Japan), Dr. Nina Marn and Dr. Tin Klanjšček (Ruđer Bošković Institute, Croatia), and Prof. S.A.L.M. Kooijman (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands), presented the first mechanistic model for quantifying the effects of ingested plastics on individuals and populations of sea turtles. Their findings are published in the high-ranking scientific journal Ecology Letters .

The study achieved exactly what previous research has struggled to accomplish: a new method to assess and quantify the effects of plastics ingestion on growth, reproduction, and survival of individuals and consequently populations.

Asst. Prof. Jusup, who co-led the study with Dr. Marn, explains, "In this research, we focused on a well-known and globally distributed protected species of sea turtles -- the loggerhead. Our aim was to quantify the effects of ingested plastics on individual animals and subsequently on whole populations. Differentiating between the individual and population breaking points is important because individuals can look healthy and even reproduce, but this may not be sufficient to offset the loss of individuals due to mortality. More extreme cases of plastics ingestion reported in the scientific literature cause the population ecological breaking point to be reached. This is why it is crucial to decisively act now, before it is too late."

Dr. Marn, co-leading author of this study, spent several months at Tokyo Tech working with Asst. Prof. Jusup. She explains her motivation, "Over the past few years, there have been frequent discussions about a large amount of plastic ending up in the oceans, but gathering reliable data on the direct effects of plastic on animal health is still a challenge for the scientific community. One of the main motivations of my doctoral research was therefore to link plastic in the oceans to effects on marine wildlife, particularly on the already endangered sea turtles."

Understanding the link between the amount of ingested plastic waste and reduction in feeding of marine wildlife is crucial to mitigate the negative effects of plastic on marine organisms.

An added value of this model is its wide applicability -- not only to other sea turtles but also any of the over 2,000 animal species characterized in the online database called "Add-my-Pet." The database is a brainchild of Prof. Kooijman, another co-author of the study, and is maintained and updated by a collaborative scientific effort in which Dr. Marn participates.

Dr. Klanjšček, a corresponding author of this study, concludes, "The effects of plastics ingestion that we are focusing on are not the only non-lethal effects of ingested plastics; for example, there is also a toxicological aspect of (micro)plastics, which is something we do not characterize at this point. However, our model is a crucial step that brings us closer to a more complete understanding of the effects of plastics on marine organisms. A general approach such as this, combined with an extensive database, enables straightforward applications of our model to other organisms such as sea birds and sea mammals."

Indeed, this new model represents an important step towards conservation of the marine ecosystem, which is -- no doubt -- the need of the hour.

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New corals discovered in deep-sea study of Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

For the first time, scientists have viewed the deepest regions of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, discovered five undescribed species consisting of black corals and sponges, and recorded Australia's first observation of an extremely rare fish. They also took critical habitat samples that will lead to a greater understanding of the spatial relationships between seabed features and the animals found in the Coral Sea.

The complex and scientifically challenging research was completed aboard Schmidt Ocean Institute's research vessel Falkor, on its fourth expedition of the year, as part of the Institute's Australia campaign. Using a remotely operated underwater robot to view high-resolution video of the bottom of the ocean floor, some 1,820 meters deep, the science team examined deep sea bathymetry, wildlife, and ecosystems. The collaborative mission brought together scientists from Geoscience Australia, James Cook University, University of Sydney, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Queensland Museum Network, and Queensland University of Technology, to answer a range of questions about the geological evolution and biology of the deep sea canyons and reefs.

"This included the most comprehensive midwater robotic dive survey series to ever have been conducted in the South Pacific," said Dr. Brendan Brooke, the expedition's lead scientist from Geoscience Australia. "Research vessel Falkor has integrated a range of technologies that have allowed us to work across the full range of ocean depths in the Coral Sea and to provide data for multiple disciplines including geology, biology, and oceanography."

During the expedition, researchers took the deepest samples ever collected of soft coral and scleractinian coral in the Coral Sea. They also collected the first sample of ancient bedrock beneath the Great Barrier Reef, estimated to be between 40 and 50 million years old. Scientists made the first recorded observation in Australia of the extremely rare fish Rhinopias agroliba , a colorful and well-camouflaged ambush predator in the scorpionfish family. The cruise also included the most comprehensive survey of midwater jellyfish in the South Pacific.

In addition to the underwater dives, high-resolution mapping of the seafloor was conducted and covered 38,395 square kilometers, an area three times greater than Sydney. The maps include all the major coral atolls on the Queensland Plateau within the Coral Sea Marine Park and an 80-kilometer section of canyons off the northern Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.

"These maps, samples, and images are fascinating and provide a new understanding of the geological diversity and biological wealth of a region that is already world-renowned for its natural beauty," said Dr. Jyotika Virmani, executive director of Schmidt Ocean Institute. "The data will help marine park managers to protect these ecosystems that are so vital for our global biodiversity and human health. "

Live streaming of the 18 underwater robotic dives via Schmidt Ocean's channel on YouTube and 112 hours of high definition underwater video during the month-long expedition, which ended August 30, allowed the science team to share their knowledge and excitement of the voyage's discoveries with the world. Through the livestreams, the scientists could interact directly with the public via chat and commentary.

"Schmidt Ocean Institute and the technology that it has brought to Australia is a huge enabler in better understanding our marine resources from a lens of diverse disciplines," said Dr. Scott Nichol, one of the lead expedition scientists from Geoscience Australia. "This work brings new understanding and will keep the scientists busy for years."

Story Source:

Materials provided by Schmidt Ocean Institute. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

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Tuesday, September 8, 2020

Deep channels link ocean to Antarctic glacier

Newly discovered deep seabed channels beneath Thwaites Glacier in West Antarctica may be the pathway for warm ocean water to melt the underside of the ice. Data from two research missions, using aircraft and ship, are helping scientists to understand the contribution this huge and remote glacier is likely to make to future global sea level rise.

Researchers from UK and US International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration (ITGC), collected data from the glacier and adjoining Dotson and Crosson ice shelves during January-March 2019. While one team collected airborne data flying over the glacier and ice shelf in a British Antarctic Survey Twin Otter aircraft, the other mapped the sea floor at the ice front from the US Antarctic Program icebreaker RV Nathaniel B Palmer.

Publishing this month (9 September) in the journal The Cryosphere the two research papers describe the discovery. Thwaites Glacier covers 192,000 square kilometres (74,000 square miles) -- the size of Great Britain or the US state of Florida -- and is particularly susceptible to climate and ocean changes.

Over the past 30 years, the overall rate of ice loss from Thwaites and its neighbouring glaciers has increased more than 5-fold. Already, ice draining from Thwaites into the Amundsen Sea accounts for about four percent of global sea-level rise. A run-away collapse of the glacier could lead to a significant increase in sea levels of around 65 cm (25 inches) and scientists want to find out how quickly this could happen.

Lead author Dr Tom Jordan, an aero-geophysicist at British Antarctic Survey (BAS), who led the airborne survey, says:

"It was fantastic to be able to map the channels and cavity system hidden beneath the ice shelf; they are deeper than expected -- some are more than 800 metres deep. They form the critical link between the ocean and the glacier.

"The offshore channels, along with the adjacent cavity system, are very likely to be the route by which warm ocean water passes underneath the ice shelf up to the grounding line, where the ice meets the bed."

Dave Porter at LDEO Columbia University, who flew over Thwaites Glacier for the airborne survey, says:

"Flying over the recently-collapsed ice tongue and being able to see first-hand the changes occurring at Thwaites Glacier was both awe inspiring and disconcerting, but also gratifying to know the airborne data we were collecting would help reveal the hidden structures below."

Exceptional sea-ice break up in early 2019 enabled the team on the RV Nathaniel B Palmer to survey over 2000 square kilometres of sea floor at the glacier's ice front. The area surveyed had previously been hidden beneath part of the floating ice shelf extending from Thwaites Glacier, which broke off in 2002, and in most subsequent years the area was inaccessible due to thick sea-ice cover. The team's findings reveal the sea floor is generally deeper and has more deep channels leading towards the grounding line under the ice shelf than was previously thought.

Lead author, Dr Kelly Hogan, is a marine geophysicist at BAS. She was part of the team surveying the seabed. She says:

"We found the coastal sea floor, which is incredibly rugged, is a really good analogue for the bed beneath the present-day Thwaites Glacier both in terms of its shape and rock type. By examining retreat patterns over this sea-floor terrain we will be able to help numerical modellers and glaciologists in their quest to predict future retreat.

"This research has filled a critical data gap. Together the new coastal sea floor maps and the cavity maps track the deep channels for over 100 km to where the glacier sits on the bed. For the first time we have a clear view of the pathways along which warm water can reach the underside of the glacier, causing it to melt and contribute to global sea-level rise."

Glossary

Ice shelf -- is a large floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface. Ice shelves are only found in Antarctica, Greenland, Canada, and the Russian Arctic.

Ice sheet -- also known as a continental glacier, is a mass of glacial ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi).

Glacier -- is a huge mass of ice that moves slowly over land. The term "glacier" comes from the French word glace (glah-SAY), which means ice. Glaciers are often called "rivers of ice."

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Monday, September 7, 2020

Is more concrete the answer to erosion on Ocean Springs Front Beach? - WLOX

Is more concrete the answer to erosion on Ocean Springs Front Beach? WLOX

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Biscayne Bay is suffocating, and Miami-Dade County leaders continue to let it die | Opinion - Miami Herald

Biscayne Bay is suffocating, and Miami-Dade County leaders continue to let it die | Opinion Miami Herald

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Global Indoor Area Rug Market Demand 2020: Balta Industries, Milliken & Company, Mohawk Industries, Nourison - NJ MMA News

Global Indoor Area Rug Market Demand 2020: Balta Industries, Milliken & Company, Mohawk Industries, Nourison NJ MMA News

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The Labor Day gatherings health experts warned against during the coronavirus pandemic are popping up all over the US - CNN

The Labor Day gatherings health experts warned against during the coronavirus pandemic are popping up all over the US CNN

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